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(Hindi: House of the People), the lower house or lower chamber of India's bicameral (based on two Legislative chambers) Parliament. Under the constitution of 1950, it is elected for a term of five years by national elections, votes cast by Indian citizens above 18 years of age. Members are elected directly from territorial constituencies in the states. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each state and the population of the state is the same for all states. The first Lok Sabha came into being in April 1952. In the early 1990s the Lok Sabha had 543 elected members, 13 of whom represented the Union Territories. Two additional members were appointed by the president to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The upper house or upper chamber is the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). It has a maximum of 250 members, most of whom are elected indirectly by state legislatures; 12 of them are nominated by the president. The thirteenth Lok Sabha brought in 545 elected members and the Rajya Sabha, 245 members.

The main function of both houses is to pass laws. Every bill has to be passed by both houses and as-sented to by the president before it becomes a law. The president has the power to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or dissolve the Lok Sabha.

Elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of all elected members of Parliament and of state legislatures, the president of India is more a constitutional sovereign than a chief executive. The real power resides in the prime minister, who heads the council of ministers - ministers who are members of the cabinet, ministers of state, and deputy ministers. The council is responsible to the Lok Sabha.

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     (Hindi: House of the Lords), the upper house of India's bicameral (based on two legislative chambers) Parliament.

The framers of the Indian Constitution constituted Rajya Sabha as a body to...