Eoc Review

GO AL 2: Develop an understanding of the physical, chemical, and cellular basis of life.

• • • • • Structure and Functions of Organic Molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) Structure and Functions of Cells, Cellular Organelles, Cell Specialization, Communication Among Cells Cell as a Living System, Homeostasis, Cellular Transport, Energy Use and Release in Biochemical Reactions Structure and Function of Enzymes, Importance in Biological Systems Bioenergetic Reactions, Aerobic / Anaerobic Respiration, Photosynthesis CARBOHYDRATE (Sugar – Glucose)

ORGANIC MOLECULES: Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things. - Carbohydrates major source of energy and include sugars and starches made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen plants and animals use carbohydrates for maintaining structure within the cells - Proteins Nitrogen-containing compounds made up of chains of amino acids 20 amino acids can combine to form a great variety of protein molecules can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components - Lipids water-insoluble (fats and oils) made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; composed of glycerol and fatty acid provide insulation, store energy, cushion internal organs, found in biological membranes saturated (with hydrogen, single bonds, see example !) and unsaturated (double bonds) - Nucleic Acids direct the instruction of proteins genetic information an organism receives from its parents two types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) CELL ORGANELLES: - Chloroplast – capture solar energy for photosynthesis (plant cells, some algae) - Golgi Body – package, distribute products - Lysosomes – digests excess products and food particles - Mitochondria – transform energy through respiration - Nucleus – contains DNA which controls cellular activities - Ribosome – produce proteins - Vacuole – store substances - Cell (plasma) membrane – phospholipid bilayer...