Management of Commercial Laying Hens and Factors That May Influence Egg Production

We will focus mainly on Lohmann Browns as they are the most commonly used commercial layers in Europe, producing about 300 eggs per year. Lohmann Browns are early maturing hybrids that reach sexual maturity at around 16 weeks of age and where bred specifically for high egg production by selectively crossing the White leghorn and New Hampshire breeds over a number of generations. Breeds such as the Lohmann Silver, Hy-line and Amber-link also arose by following the same methods. The primary goals of a layer farm are to maximize egg production and quality and maximize feed efficiency whilst keeping mortality rates to a minimum. The extent to which these goals are met is largely influenced by management practices as well as the genetic makeup of the birds. A firm understanding of factors that may contribute to egg production is essential in producing the desired end results, and on a daily basis adjustments in farming practices can be made to ensure that the target egg production is reached.

The two main genotypes of hens used for commercial egg production are white and brown-shelled producers. The preference of the consumer dictates the colour, where in the USA white eggs are more predominant, and in Africa and Europe brown eggs are more commonly produced. Genotype also determines the production potential of the hens with regard to size and total number of eggs produced, which is controlled by breeding companies as they breed selected lines for optimal performance.

When considering layer hens some crucial aspects that need to be managed correctly include ventilation, start-up period, weight control, disease, feed and water supply, and temperature, however the effects of lighting and nutrition are generally considered the most important factors that may determine egg production.

Housing and ventilation: Various production systems such as floor, cage and free range can be used, with each having its pros and cons. Cage production involves placing the birds in wire...