Periodontitis

Periodontitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the soft tissues surrounding the teeth (i.e., gingivitis) and the destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, bone, cementum, and soft tissues (i.e., periodontitis) [1,2]. Though primarily a polymicrobial infection, the development periodontitis is now also associated with a number of risk factors like genetic and environmental. Periodontal disease is now associated with a bidirectional risk of systemic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and adverse pregnancy outcomes

Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects both the gum and the bone that supports the teeth and is caused by anaerobic Gram negative microor- ganisms that are present in the bacterial plaque that adheres to the teeth. If the bacterial plaque is not care- fully removed, the toxins produced by the microorgan- isms act locally as a stressing factor that starts the gum inflammation. With the progression of this inflammation, the gum detaches from the teeth, and afterwards period- ontal pockets are formed. These periodontal pockets are filled with a great amount of bacteria and toxins. With the worsening of the disease these pockets spread and the plaque penetrates deeper, until they reach the bone that can be destroyed with the loss of tooth support. Eventually the tooth falls or needs to be extracted. Another possibility (that is mainly observed in indivi- duals that breathe through the mouth) is the calcifica- tion of the bacterial plaque by deposition of salivary calcium that becomes a hard and porous structure called dental calculus

Causes of periodontits

Causes and predisposing factors to periodontal disease The risk factors for periodontal disease are:

a) smoking;

b) hormonal changes of pregnancy;

c) hormonal changes of menopause;

d) hormonal changes of infertility treatment;

e) hormonal changes after use of oral contraceptives;

f)...