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Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

Fourth Edition

John D. Anderson, Jr.

Curator of Aerodynamics National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution and Professor Emeritus University of Maryland

Me Graw Hill

Higher Education

Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

CONTENTS

Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition

xix xxiii

PART

J.

Fundamental Principles

Chapter 1 Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts 3

1

1.12 Applied Aerodynamics: The Aerodynamic Coefficients—Their Magnitudes and Variations 71 1.13 Historical Note: The Illusive Center of Pressure 83 1.14 Historical Note: Aerodynamic Coefficients 87 1.15 Summary 91 1.16 Problems 92 Chapter 2 Aerodynamics: Some Fundamental Principles and Equations 95 2.1 2.2 Introduction and Road Map 96 Review of Vector Relations 97 2.2.1 Some Vector Algebra 98 2.2.2 Typical Orthogonal Coordinate Systems 99 2.2.3 Scalar and Vector Fields 102 2.2.4 Scalar and Vector Products 102 2.2.5 Gradient of a Scalar Field 103 2.2.6 Divergence of a Vector Field 105 2.2.7 Curl of a Vector Field 106 2.2.8 Line Integrals 106 2.2.9 Surface Integrals 107 2.2.10 Volume Integrals 108 2.2.11 Relations Between Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals 109 2.2.12 Summary 109 Models of the Fluid: Control Volumes and Fluid Elements 109 2.3.1 Finite Control Volume Approach 110 2.3.2 Infinitesimal Fluid Element Approach 111 2.3.3 Molecular Approach 111

Importance of Aerodynamics: Historical Examples 5 1.2 Aerodynamics: Classification and Practical Objectives 11 1.3 Road Map for This Chapter 14 1.4 Some Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables 15 1.4.1 Units 18 1.5 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 19...