Animal Physiology

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 2:30

Revision notes:

The cellular organisation of the nervous system:

Neurones consist of a cell body, or soma, with similar organisation to an animal cell. Neurones may be uniploar(one process) OR bipolar (2 processes) OR multipolar

Dendrites are receceptive elements of a neurone conveying info. Towards the soma. Axon- output element of a neurone away from cell body /SOMA towards other cells.

Glial(are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons )cells surround the neurone. Including.... MICROGLIA (specialized macrophages(type of white blood cell) capable of phagocytises that protect neurons of the central nervous system). AND MACROGLIA...of microglia cells there is...

1. Schwann cells - provide myelination to axons in the peripheral nervous system, also have phagocytosis activity...

2. Astrocytes.-MOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF MACROGLIAL CELL ( repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord) have numerous projections that anchor neurons to their own blood supply. They regulate the external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess ions, notably potassium, and recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission. Located in the central nervous system

*motor neurone- a type of neurone that sends signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles thus involved in controlling animal movements.

3. Oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheath, wraps around the neurones in the CNS, CAN WRAP AROUND A NUMBER OF NUERONES , AS oppose to the schwann cells which only wraps around a single neurone.

Axon hillock - where the action potential is initiated, between the soma and the axon

Neurones are ‘excitable cells that can rapidly alter their membrane potential in response to an electrical signal

The Goldman equation... how does neurones alter their membrane potentials

1. Distribution of ions across the plasma membrane

2....