Moral

The value analysis strategy was introduced by J. R. Fraenkel and Coomb. This strategy has two approaches, the Fraenkel Approach and the Coomb Approach. They both deal with conflict analytically by identifying beforehand the value elements and facts. For each fact, they study the pros and cons of the action that may be taken. This implies that in this strategy an individual has to think rationally and logically about the facts relevant to a conflict before he makes a value judgement. When analyzing relevant values, the individual is required to study the effects that are likely to happen, to consider the feelings and welfare of people involved in the conflict, and to give priority to result or consequence as a whole when taking action based on the decision made.

Cognitive moral development was introduced by the psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. From the study, Kohlberg formulated a three-level sequential arrangement. Each level has two stages. Those three-level are Pre-conventional Level, Conventional Level and Post-conventional Level. In Pre-conventional Level, At this level of moral thinking, children usually behave well and respond to what society expects, whether a thing is good or bad. Kohlberg explains that the children are responding to physical consequences. Conventional Level, This level is described as conformist – the children comply to established practices. The hopes, rules and regulations of the family, group and country are considered important. Post-conventional Level , Characterized by a shift towards autonomous moral principles that are legal – i.e. not merely the conventional ones. The six stages are Obey rules to avoid punishment. Comply to receive reward, benefit etc. Comply to avoid disapproval, displeasure from others. Comply to avoid trouble with the authorities. Comply to maintain respect of neutral observers who may judge the community. Comply to avoid being morally condemned.