Small Group Development

Small Group Development

Researchers have studied groups to understand how they develop. Several different models have been suggested, but they all tend to follow a similar progression. Listed below are three of the most common models. Click on the researcher's name to learn more about each model. Poole's model will be discussed later because he takes a different perspective towards group development.

Linear Models of Group Development

Tubbs's Theory

1. Orientation

2. Conflict

3. Consensus

4. Closure Fisher's Model

1. Orientation

2. Conflict

3. Emergence

4. Reinforcement Tuckman's Model

1. Forming

2. Storming

3. Norming

4. Performing

5. Adjourning

Tubbs's Small Group Development Theory4

Orientation In this stage, group members get to know each other, they start to talk about the problem, and they examine the limitations and opportunities of the project.

Conflict Conflict is a necessary part of a group's development. Conflict allows the group to evaluate ideas and it helps the group avoid conformity and groupthink

Consensus Conflict ends in the consensus stage, when group members compromise, select ideas, and agree on alternatives.

Closure In this stage, the final result is announced and group members reaffirm their support of the decision.

Fisher's Small Group Development Theory5

Orientation During the orientation phase, Fisher says group members get to know each other and they experience primary tension, the awkward feeling people have before communication rules and expectations are established. Groups should take time to learn about each other and feel comfortable communicating around new people.

Conflict The conflict phase is marked by secondary tension, or tension surrounding the task at hand. Group members will disagree with each other and debate ideas. Remember that conflict is good, because it helps the group achieve positive results.

Emergence In the emergence phase, says Fisher, the outcome of the...