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10/3/2010
THE GOALS OF COGNITIVE
THEORIES ARE TO EXPLAIN
THOUGHTS ABOUT EFFORT:
1.) the decision to expend effort
Lecturer: Cheryl “Nyahra” Gittens
2.) the level of effort to exert
3.) how effort can be made to persist
over time
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Motivation, Perception, and
Behavior
Expectancy Theory (Vroom)
A model that assumes motivational strength is determined
by perceived probabilities of success.
Expectancy Theory
States that an individual tends to act in a certain way based
on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given
outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the
individual.
Key to the theory is understanding and managing employee
goals and the linkages among and between effort,
performance and rewards.
Expectancy: one’s subjective belief or expectation that one thing
will lead to another.
A Basic Expectancy Model
One’s motivational strength increases as one’s perceived
effort‐performance and performance‐reward probabilities
increase the likelihood of obtaining a valued reward.
Effort: employee abilities and training/development
Performance: valid appraisal systems
Rewards (goals): understanding employee needs
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Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall,
Inc. All rights reserved.
16–31
Motivation, Perception, and
Behavior (cont’d)
Simplified Expectancy Model
Expectancy Relationships
Expectancy (effort‐performance linkage)
The perceived probability that an individual’s effort will result in
a certain level of performance.
Instrumentality
The perception that a particular level of performance will result
in attaining a desired outcome (reward).
Valence
The attractiveness/importance of the performance reward
(outcome) to the individual.
Exhibit 16.10
Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall,
Inc. All rights reserved.
16–32
Lecturer: Cheryl “Nyahra” Gittens
Contact: cheryl.gittens@cavehill.uwi.edu
Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall,
Inc. All rights...