How to Reference

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How to Do Your Referencing Using the Harvard System

The Harvard System (also called the Author - Date System) is one of several available methods of referencing and is the preferred choice of most departments in the University. However, you should check with your lecturers which system your course requires before you do your first assignment. This help sheet covers the referencing of many different types of material, both printed and electronic. NB There is no officially agreed system of referencing information in any electronic format, so these guidelines are a local interpretation of the Harvard style. Electronic examples have a shaded background.

Authors Blackboard Materials Blogs (Weblogs) Books Citing in your text Conference Papers Date Discussion Lists DVD E-Books/Kindle E-Journals E-mails Edited Books Film Government Reports Illustrations/Art Interviews pp.2-3,4,5 p.11 p.12 pp.4-5 pp.2-3 pp.9 pp.2,4 p.12 p.9 p.6 pp.6-7 p.12 p.5 p.10 pp.7-8 p.10 p.10 Journals Lecture Notes /Handouts Live Performances Newspapers Online Databases –reports Paraphrasing Plagiarism Quoting Reference List RefWorks Secondary referencing Standards Theses Titles Video Web Pages / Documents p.6 p.10 p.10 p.7 p.8 p.3 p.2 p.3 pp.3-12 p.12 p.2 p.9 p.9 p.4 p.9 p.11

What is a “Reference”?

A reference or citation is a description of any document from which you have taken information, e.g. a complete book, a chapter from it, a journal article, a newspaper article, a web page, or DVD etc.

What is “Citing”?

“Citing” a reference is the act of recording it. It is made in two places: 1. a brief entry for each source in the text of your work, which then leads your reader to … 2. your source, in full, at the end of your work, as an alphabetical reference list. As the list is in alphabetical order, it is easy to pick out the required author‟s work.

Why do I need to do it?

It is both a legal requirement and academic practice to provide references to guide your reader to the sources...