Linear Algebra2-235 Course Note

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Linear Algebra 2

Course Notes for MATH 235 Edition 1.0 D. Wolczuk

Copyright: D. Wolczuk, 1st Edition, 2011

Contents

1 Fundamental Subspaces 1.1 Bases of Fundamental Subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Subspaces of Linear Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Linear Mappings 2.1 General Linear Mappings . . 2.2 Rank-Nullity Theorem . . . 2.3 Matrix of a Linear Mapping 2.4 Isomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 7 10 10 13 16 21 28 28 31 43 47 54 56 62 62 65 72 78 84 87 95 95 101 107 109 117 122

3 Inner Products 3.1 Inner Product Spaces . . . . . 3.2 Orthogonality and Length . . 3.3 The Gram-Schmidt Procedure 3.4 General Projections . . . . . . 3.5 The Fundamental Theorem . 3.6 The Method of Least Squares

4 Applications of Orthogonal Matrices 4.1 Orthogonal Similarity . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Orthogonal Diagonalization . . . . . 4.3 Quadratic Forms . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Graphing Quadratic Forms . . . . . . 4.5 Optimizing Quadratic Forms . . . . . 4.6 Singular Value Decomposition . . . . 5 Complex Vector Spaces 5.1 Complex Number Review 5.2 Complex Vector Spaces...