Chemistry Study Guide

Chemistry: Assignment I

* The universe is uniform is composition.

* The same natural laws operate throughout the universe.

* The Law of Conservation of Matter: matter cannot be created or destroyed

* It may be rearranged in space and changed into different types of particles

* For any chemical process in a closed system, the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products

* The Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another

* Systems: a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, systems thinking is the process of understanding how things influence each other within a whole

* System diagrams

* Opened systems: continuously interacts with the environment, the interaction can take the form of information, energy, or material transfers into and out of the system boundary

i Example: burning candle in the open

* Closed (or isolated) systems: is a physical system without any external change, matter or energy cannot enter or exit—only move around inside

ii Example: burning candle with a beaker on top

* Mixtures: a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties and identity (elements aren’t always in the same proportion)

* Consists of two or more different elements and/or compounds physically intermingled

* Can be separated into its components by physical means

* Often retains many of the properties of its components

* Mixture Separation: by exploiting the physical properties of a mixture, one is able to separate the concoction of two or more pure substances (each retaining their own individual chemical properties and identity) into its pure constituents

* Processes of Separating a Mixture

iii Distillation: used for mixtures of liquids with different boiling points

iv Filtration:...