Biology

1. They develop a cytoplasmic hair-like elongation which increases its surface area for more absorption. It also has a large number of mitochondria which provides energy needed for the active uptake of minerals.

2. Branch roots arise in the pericycle (a cylinder of parenchyma cells lying just inside the endodermis). After seed germination, radicle (part of embryo), develops into the first root. The radicle may develop into tapered taproot. Thinner branch roots arise from tapered taproot.

3.  Tap root system is deep rooted hence this system is capable of taking nutrients  and moisture from deeper layers of soil and it provides a better anchorage to  taller plants. The disadvantage of this system is that it remains away from the  top soil,Fibrous root system is more efficient for absorption of water and  nutrients from the top soil as it is largely confined to the more fertile part  of the soil. The disadvantage of this system is that it can not support taller  plants and also not able to absorb water from water table of earth.

4. The Zone of Cell Division/Mitosis The Zone of Elongation The Zone of Maturation The Zone of Mitosis: Immediately proximal to the root cap is a cluster of cells that do not actively divide. This pad of cells is often called  the quiescent center. These cells probably represent a reserve of cells to be  recruited later in time for the meristem. As such they serve as corrections for  proliferating somatic mutations. Just proximal to the quiescent center are cells  that divide rapidly by mitosis, adding new cells to the length of the root. This  is of course just one contribution to elongation of the root. The Zone of  Elongation: Just proximal to the zone of mitosis is a zone of cell elongation.  In this part of the root the newly created cells expand in their long dimension The Zone of Maturation: As we keep moving  proximally (away from the root apex), we find that the cells that are elongating ...