Harvard Citation : at a Glance

OU Harvard guide to citing references

The OU Harvard guide to referencing is also available online at: http://learn1.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2620 (login required). We would recommend the online version because it is easier to find the information you need by following links or using the search feature.

Note: this guide was revised in September 2012. Some of the advice on formatting references has been updated and will differ from earlier versions.

Table of contents

(To navigate straight to any of these sections, press CTRL and click on the section name)

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Principles of in-text citations and references 3

Step 1: In-text citations 3

Step 2: List full references at the end of your work 3

1.2 The general structure of a reference 4

2 In-text citations 5

3 Reference list 6

4 Secondary referencing 6

5 Books, book chapters and ebooks 7

5.1 Books 7

5.2 Book chapters 7

5.3 Translated books 7

5.4 Ebooks online 8

5.5 Ebooks on readers 8

6 Journal and newspaper articles 9

6.1 Printed journal articles 9

6.2 Ejournal articles 9

6.3 Printed newspaper articles 10

6.4 Online newspaper articles 11

7 OU module materials 11

7.1 Module texts 11

7.2 Copublished module texts 12

7.3 Online module materials 12

7.4 Module readings 13

7.5 Module DVDs and video clips 14

7.6 Figures, diagrams and tables 15

7.7 Secondary referencing in module materials 16

7.8 Page numbers 16

8 Audiovisual material 17

8.1 TV programme 17

8.2 Film 17

8.3 DVD 18

8.4 Audio CD 18

8.5 Songs 18

8.6 YouTube item 19

8.7 iTunes or other downloads 20

9 Works of art and visual sources 20

9.1 Works of art 20

9.2 Online images 21

9.3 Exhibition catalogues 21

9.4 Plays and live performances 22

10 Online/electronic materials 22

10.1 Personal or organisational websites 22

10.2 Online documents 23

10.3 Blogs 23

10.4 Wikis 24

10.5 Twitter 24

10.6 Podcasts 25

11 Conference papers 25

12 Reports 26

13 Software 26

13.1 Computer programs...