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There are four different learning styles described by Gardner which are bodily-kinesthetic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, and logical-mathematical. Firstly, bodily-kinesthetic learning happens through experience. For example, I study in a group in which members take turns explaining topics to each other and then discussing them. Secondly, visual-spatial learning happens when people remember what they have seen. I organize my notes so that I can clearly see main points and supporting facts and how things are connected. I color-code my notes using different colored highlighters so that everything relating to a particular topic is in the same color. Thirdly, verbal-linguistic learning happens when people remember what they hear and say. I talk about what I learn. Work in study groups so that I have an opportunity to explain and discuss what I am learning. I read the textbook and highlight no more than 10 percent. Finally, logical-mathematical learning occurs when people reflect on concepts. For example, I study in a quiet setting. I don't just memorize material; I think about why it is important and what it relates to, considering the causes and effects involved.

People are motivated by end goals if they can see the path to completion. Three conditions needed to make the goal-setting model effective are needs, equity, and expectancy theory. In needs theory, people need specific and challenging goals or growth need. In equity theory, people feel they were represented and that goals, path and reward are fair. In expectancy theory, people need feedback to know that their performance is meeting expectations and will result in desired rewards at end. People who use goal-setting effectively suffer less from stress, are better able to concentrate, show more self-confidence, and seem to feel happier.

Attitudes are more complicated than values. Attitudes have three components which are cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive of an attitude comes partly...