Energy Losses

Introduction.

This is an experiment to determine the energy losses in pipes. The aim of this lab experiments is to determine: the head loss, flow rate, friction factor, and Reynolds number for both laminar and turbulent flows. It will also enable us to determine whether the experimental data matches the computational data. Furthermore, we will also establish the effect increasing diameter has on velocity, head loss and friction.

Theory

This lab is carried out to exhibit the effect of various aspects on fluid dynamics. When Reynolds number is less than 2000 (Re < 2000), the flow is said to be laminar and when it is greater than 2000, (Re > 4000), the flow is said to be turbulent. The lab experiments will help us determine; pressure difference and time which together with the known fluid constants i.e. viscosity and density will help us solve various energy loss equations.

Key formulas and definition of symbols.

f = Friction Factor, L = Length of tube, D = Diameter of tube, V= mean Velocity of the fluid, g = gravity = 10 m/s2, V = Volume, A = Cross-sectional area of tube, ν = kinematic viscosity, f=64/Re (For laminar flow), Hf = head loss =f*L/D*U2/2G, Re=P*V*D/U, flow rate = V/A*t, P= pressure. Data Table

The first five studies are to establish the effect increase in diameter has on;velocity, head loss and friction factor. Increase in diameter leads to a decrease in velocity as the cross sectional area increases. This decrease in velocity leads to a lower head loss due to friction in the pipe. Studies 1,6,7 and 8 show the the effect changing fluid has on the reynlods number. The four fluids each has its own distinct density and viscosity. Reynolds number is determined by the following formula Re=ρ*v*L/μ.

Key point 1.

Head loss profiles.

In laminar flow head loss is directly proportional to velocity. The head loss in turbulent flow is greater than the head loss in laminar flow....