Universal-Principles-of-Design

Universal Principles of Design

William Lidwell Kritina Holden Jill Butler

125 Ways to Enhance Usability, Influence Perception, Increase Appeal, Make Better Design Decisions, and Teach through Design

For our dads... John C. Butler Larry W. Lidwell

Contents

Alphabetical

11 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

Foreword Introduction 80/20 Rule Accessibility Advance Organizer Aesthetic-Usability Effect Affordance Alignment Anthropomorphic Form Archetypes Area Alignment Attractiveness Bias Baby-Face Bias Biophilia Effect Cathedral Effect Chunking Classical Conditioning Closure Cognitive Dissonance Color Common Fate Comparison

54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

Confirmation Consistency Constancy Constraint Contour Bias Control Convergence Cost-Benefit Defensible Space Depth of Processing Design by Commitee Desire Line Development Cycle Entry Point Errors Expectation Effect Exposure Effect Face-ism Ratio Factor of Safety Feedback Loop Fibonacci Sequence Figure-Ground Relationship

98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140

Fitts’ Law Five Hat Racks Flexibility-Usability Tradeoff Forgiveness Form Follows Function Framing Freeze-Flight-Fight-Forfeit Garbage In–Garbage Out Golden Ratio Good Continuation Gutenberg Diagram Hick’s Law Hierarchy Hierarchy of Needs Highlighting Horror Vacui Hunter-Nurturer Fixations Iconic Representation Immersion Inattentional Blindness Interference Effects Inverted Pyramid

142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182

Iteration Law of Prägnanz Layering Legibility Life Cycle Mapping Mental Model Mimicry Mnemonic Device Modularity Most Advanced Yet Acceptable Most Average Facial Appearance Effect Normal Distribution Not Invented Here Nudge Ockham’s Razor Operant Conditioning Orientation Sensitivity Performance Load Performance Versus Preference Personas

184 186 188 190...