Project Management

System can be defined as a set or process comprising the irreplaceable components that finally make an integrated object. All sorts of systems are tied with some limitations and are affected by the internal and external environment. The system is also influenced by the formation and its purpose. “System may be described as a complex of interacting components together with the relationships among them that permit the identification of a boundary-maintaining entity or process.” (Laszlo and Krippner, 1998).

“A system is a set of two or more interrelated elements with the following properties: each element has an effect on the functioning of the whole, each element is affected by at least one other element in the system and all possible subgroups of elements also have the first two properties.” (Ackoff, 1981). “A system is less a thing than a pattern,” (Macy, 1991). Hence, we can summarize that a system is a group of various relating mechanism or ingredients that preserves the relations from the total.

A system theory is an interdisciplinary study of an organisation which includes autonomous power of the respective organisation to their components and leads them to struggle for their existence. “Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research. It studies both the principles common to all complex entities, and the models which can be used to describe them.

“General Systems Theory is a name which has come into use to describe a level of theoretical model-building which lies somewhere between the highly generalized constructions of pure mathematics and the specific theories of the specialized disciplines.” (Boulding, 1956). For Boulding, mathematics tries to organize highly general relationships into a rational system and studies all thinkable relationships abstracted from any situation.

Although most of the scholars...