Abc Costing

Idea

Activity-based costing

Jun 29th 2009

Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method of assigning costs to products or services based on the resources that they consume. Its aim, The Economist once wrote, is “to change the way in which costs are counted” (see article).

ABC is an alternative to traditional accounting in which a business's overheads (indirect costs such as lighting, heating and marketing) are allocated in proportion to an activity's direct costs. This is unsatisfactory because two activities that absorb the same direct costs can use very different amounts of overhead. A mass-produced industrial robot, for instance, can use the same amount of labour and materials as a customised robot. But the customised robot uses far more of the company engineers' time (an overhead) than does the mass-produced one.

This difference would not be reflected in traditional costing systems. Hence a company that makes more and more customised products (and bases its pricing on historic costings) can soon find itself making large losses. As new technologies make it easier for firms to customise products, the importance of allocating indirect costs accurately increases.

Introducing activity-based costing is not a simple task—it is by no means as easy as ABC. For a start, all business activities must be broken down into their discrete components. As part of its ABC programme, for example, ABB, a Swiss-Swedish power company, divided its purchasing activity into things like negotiating with suppliers, updating the database, issuing purchase orders and handling com-plaints.

Large firms should try a pilot scheme before implementing the system throughout their organisation. The information essential for ABC may not be readily available and may have to be calculated specially for the purpose. This involves making many new measurements. Larger companies often hire consultants who are specialists in the area to help them get a system up and running.

The easy approach is to...