I Can Feel Ittt

FISH USE OF UPWELLINGS

An Annotated Bibliography (Annotations Primarily Author Abstracts) Compiled for the Region III Forest Practices Riparian Management Committee by James D. Durst Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game, Habitat & Restoration Div. ______________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY Several water bodies in the Tanana River Basin exhibit areas of upwelling—localized or widespread areas where water flows from the bed up into the water column. These upwelling areas can appear as gravel-bedded springs, pockmarked areas in sandy or silty areas, or generalized flow up through gravel substrate. More than one water source feeds upwelling areas. Some waters are hyporheic, part of the river or stream water column that moves down into and rises up out of porous bed materials. These flows have chemical characteristics very close to those of the surface flow. Other upwellings are true groundwater, which has been subsurface for extended time (years to millennia), and has have conductivity and very low dissolved oxygen (DO) relative to surface flows. Recent field work along the Tanana River suggests that a third water source may also supply upwelling areas, with a subsurface time of perhaps months to a few years, exhibiting similar chemical and DO characteristics to that of hyporheic flow but being relatively independent of channel flow stage or season. This literature review was undertaken to better understand fish use of upwelling areas, and to assist with evaluating potential risks to such use by land use activities including timber harvest and access road construction. Preferential use by fish of upwelling areas has been widely reported. Baxter and McPhail (1999) found that bull trout females preferentially spawned in upwelling locations, which had warmer water temperatures. Garrett et al. (1998) found that kokanee (landlocked sockeye salmon) preferred to spawn in upwelling areas in the North Fork Payette River, Idaho, and that the...