Antigens

1. Antigens can are foreign molecules that invade or system and activate the immune system to produce specific antibodies unique to each individual. Major histocompatibility complex activates and regulates the immune response and intercellular communications. MHC molecules are very helpful to recognize changes in cell membranes because they are changed by viruses and begin to alter the immune system to their presence. (pg. 114)

2. Large phagocytic cells (macrophages) engolf foreign material and then display the antigens from the foreign body on their cell membranes. T lymphocytes battle the invaders and activate it neighborhood T and B Lymphocytes. B lymphocytes are important because they are in charge of humoral immunity through their production of antibodies. Natural killer cells(T cells) are lymphocytes that can demolish cells infected with viruses, without any prior sensitization to the virus. (pg. 117)

3. There are five kinds of antibodies; IgM antibodies are often the intiators of the immune response. IgG antibodies (most common). IgE antibodies will release histamine when linked to allergens. IgA antibodies are most often found in secretions (saliva, mucous membranes etc.). IgD antibodies are most involved in activating Bcells. (pg. 117)

4. If the plasma membrane of malignant neoplastic cells is abnormal, the Immune system identifies them. It willl recognize the cells as foreign invader and procede to remove them. This evidently is a crucial role in cancer prevention . (pg. 118)

5. Natural immunity is species specific, in contrast innate immunity is gene specific and is related to ethnicity, genetics, race etc. (pg. 118)

6. This is because memory cells rapidly create the onset of production of numerous matching antibodies or Tcells. (pg. 119)

7. Artificial active immunity happens with a vaccine being injected into a person causing the formation of antibodies .Natural active immunity occurs when pathogens invade the body and...