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An Introduction to R
Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics
Version 3.1.1 (2014-07-10)
W. N. Venables, D. M. Smith
and the R Core Team
This manual
Copyright c
Copyright c
Copyright c
Copyright c
Copyright c
is for R, version 3.1.1 (2014-07-10).
1990 W. N. Venables
1992 W. N. Venables & D. M. Smith
1997 R. Gentleman & R. Ihaka
1997, 1998 M. Maechler
1999–2013 R Core Team
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided
the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under
the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work
is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this
permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the R Core Team.
i
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1
Introduction and preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
2
Intrinsic attributes: mode and length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the length of an object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Getting and setting attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The class of an object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
14
14
14
Ordered and unordered factors. ....