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Journal of Applied Psychology
2004, Vol. 89, No. 6, 1008 –1022
Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association
0021-9010/04/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1008
Work Group Diversity and Group Performance: An Integrative Model and
Research Agenda
Daan van Knippenberg
Carsten K. W. De Dreu and Astrid C. Homan
Erasmus University Rotterdam
University of Amsterdam
Research on the relationship between work group diversity and performance has yielded inconsistent
results. To address this problem, the authors propose the categorization-elaboration model (CEM), which
reconceptualizes and integrates information/decision making and social categorization perspectives on
work-group diversity and performance. The CEM incorporates mediator and moderator variables that
typically have been ignored in diversity research and incorporates the view that information/decision
making and social categorization processes interact such that intergroup biases flowing from social
categorization disrupt the elaboration (in-depth processing) of task-relevant information and perspectives.
In addition, the authors propose that attempts to link the positive and negative effects of diversity to
specific types of diversity should be abandoned in favor of the assumption that all dimensions of diversity
may have positive as well as negative effects. The ways in which these propositions may set the agenda
for future research in diversity are discussed.
integration have not been very successful in linking diversity with
performance (Bowers, Pharmer, & Salas, 2000; Webber &
Donahue, 2001; also see Wood, 1987). To meet this challenge and
to advance our understanding of the effects of work-group diversity on group performance, we introduce a model of the processes
underlying the positive and the negative effects of diversity that we
believe has greater predictive power and opens up new directions
in research on diversity and group performance. We begin...