Wgu Biochem

Biochemistry

Task 4

Nicole Ciccione

000608850

August 8, 2016

A. 1. Enzymes are attracted to specific substrates because they have active sites and complex structures. They allow quicker reactions that would be slow if they did not exist. These enzymes are not changed when facilitating reactions, allowing them to be used over and over again as a catalyst of their particular reaction (Wolfe, 2000).

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4. The first substrate in fructolysis is fructose. The reaction makes an enzyme-substrate with the enzyme fructokinase. Fructose 1-phosphate is the outcome when fructose is broken down. Fructose 1-phosphate is the second substrate. It forms and enzyme-substrate complex with Aldolase B. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde are the result of this second substrate. They then continue on with their own distinct reactions (Hudon-Miller 2012).

5. Hereditary Fructose Intolerance, HFI, is a result in the alteration in the gene that leads to not enough Aldolase B enzyme. Without enough Aldolase B the body cannot break down fructose 1-phosphate during the second phase of fructolysis in the liver. This would lead to too much phosphate within the liver, causing the domino effect of not enough phosphate in the free phosphate pool that is needed for ATP production. Cell death and liver failure can be caused by decreased ATP (Sanders, 2012).

1. While muscle cells are in their anaerobic condition, is when the Cori Cycle takes place. 2 ATP are made when glucose is transformed to lactate during this cycle. Liver cells receive lactate via blood and use 6 ATP to transform it back to glucose under normal conditions. An overall loss of -4ATP would happen if this process happened within one muscle cell, during the conversion of lactate to glucose. This would be a useless process because it would be expelling more energy without any profit. In due course, the loss of ATP would stop the conversion process, thus...