Nomenclature Basics

O-Chem Day 1-Basics Nomenclature Nomenclature 1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain to determine base name. 2) Number the carbons, starting on the end closest to the first sutstituent. 3) Name the substituents attached to the chain. Use the chain number as the locator. Multiple substituents use di-, tri-, tetra- etc. 4) List substituents in alphabetical order. Ignore numerical prefixes and hyphenated prefixes (tert- and sec-), but no iso- and cyclo-. 5) If there is more than one way of numbering the chain to give the substituents the lowest possible numbers, rank the substituents by alphabetical order giving the lower number to the substituent beginning with the the letter closer to ‘A.’ 6) If there is more than way of to come up with the longest parent chain, then choose the one with the most substituents.

1 meth 2 eth 3 prop 4 but 5 pent 6 hex 7 hept 8 oct 9 non 10 dec 11 undec 12 dodec

Bonding and Geometry Electron Hybridization Domains 2 sp 3 sp2 4 sp3 Sigma and Pi Bonds

Bond Angle 180° 120° 109.5°

Geometry Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral

Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons Intermolecular Forces 1) Hydrogen Bonding – a super strong dipole-dipole force -must have hydrogen bound to F, O, N to H-bond as a pure liquid - only need F, O, N to hydrogen bond with protic compounds 2) Dipole-Dipole Forces – interaction between molecules having permanent dipole moments -the larger the dipole moment, the larger the force 3) London Dispersion Forces – weak interactions due to a transient (temporary) dipole -all molecules have these; the larger the molecule, the larger the force Effects on melting pt and boiling pt Branching decreases the boiling pt, but increases the melting pt Solubility – Like dissolves like.

Miscellaneous Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

Reaction intermediates (carbocations, radicals, carbanions)

Resonance Stabilization (electron delocalization)

Inductive Effects

Oxidation/Reduction Rxns (Identifying)

Degrees of...