Biostatistics

Biostatistics

A Methodology for the Health Sciences

Second Edition

GERALD VAN BELLE LLOYD D. FISHER PATRICK J. HEAGERTY THOMAS LUMLEY

Department of Biostatistics and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author elle . . . [et al.]– 2nd ed. p. cm. – (Wiley series in probability and statistics) First ed. published in 1993, entered under Fisher, Lloyd. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-03185-2 (cloth) 1. Biometry. I. Van Belle, Gerald. II. Fisher, Lloyd, 1939– Biostatistics. III. Series. QH323.5.B562 2004 610′ .1′ 5195–dc22 2004040491 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents

Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Introduction to Biostatistics Biostatistical Design of Medical Studies Descriptive Statistics Statistical Inference: Populations and Samples One- and Two-Sample Inference Counting Data Categorical Data: Contingency Tables Nonparametric, Distribution-Free, and Permutation Models: Robust Procedures Association and Prediction: Linear Models with One Predictor Variable Analysis of Variance Association and Prediction: Multiple Regression Analysis and Linear Models with Multiple Predictor Variables Multiple Comparisons Discrimination and Classification Principal Component...