Ethics

Specify the Two Basic Functions of Feedback and Three Sources of Feedback.

Define upward feedback and 360 — degree feedback.

Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, and give a job-related example of each, and also summarize the research lessons about pay performance and explain why rewards often fail to motivate employees.

Demonstrate your knowledge of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and behavior shaping.

Lowe level employees provide upward feedback (usually anonymous) to their managers. A focal person receives 360-degree feedback from subordinates, the manager, peers, and selected others such as customers or suppliers. Good feedback is tied to performance goals and clear expectations, linked with specific behavior and/or results, reserved for key result areas, given as soon as possible, provided for improvement as well as for final results, focused on performance rather than on personalities, and based on accurate and credible information. As a manager it is very important to give feedback to your employees because you make

Demonstrate your knowledge of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and behavior shaping.

Positive and negative reinforcement are consequence management strategies that strengthen behavior, whereas punishment and extinction weaken behavior. These strategies need to be defined objectively in terms of their actual impact on behavior frequency, not subjectively on the basis of intended impact. Behavior shaping occurs when closer and closer approximations of a target behavior are reinforced. In effect, the standard for reinforcement is made more difficult as the individual learns. The process begins with continuous reinforcement, which gives way to intermittent reinforcement when the target behavior becomes strong and habitual.