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DISPLACEMENT, RESISTANCE AND THE CRITIQUE OF DEVELOPMENT: FROM THE GRASS ROOTS TO THE GLOBAL Anthony Oliver-Smith Department of Anthropology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611 aros@ufl.edu

Final Report Prepared for ESCOR R7644 and the Research Programme on Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement Refugee Studies Centre University of Oxford July 2001

The opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author. They should not be attributed to the funder or the Refugee Studies Centre of the University of Oxford.

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION: RESISTANCE TO DEVELOPMENT-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT I.A. Development and Democracy I.B. Global Norms and Transnational Civil Society I.C. Organization of the Report II. RESEARCH ON DIDR RESISTANCE III. THE PROBLEMATICS AND POLITICS OF DIDR RESISTANCE III.A. The Right to Develop and the Right to Development III.B. Conceptual Ambiguities in DIDR III.B.i. Development: Economic Growth or Social Justice III.B.ii. Voluntary and Involuntary Migration III.B.iii. Resistance and Protest III.C. The Politics of DIDR Resistance Research IV. DIDR RESISTANCE: DIVERSITY, COMPLEXITY AND DYNAMISM IV.A.Variation by Cause IV.B. The Diversity of the Displaced IV.C. Complex Responses IV.D. DIDR Resistance Dynamics V. ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS IN DIDR RESISTANCE V.A. Social Movements V.B. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) V.B.i. Case Study: The International Rivers Network V.C. Grass Roots Organizations (GRO) V.C.i. Case Study: CRAB TO MAB: From Local to National: the Movimento de Atingidos por Barragens V.D. Transnational Networks VI. A POLITICAL ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DIDR RESISTANCE VI.A. Vulnerability and Risk VI.B. Risk Calculation in DIDR VI.C. Rights and Risks VI.D. Advocacy Anthropology VI.E. Stakeholder Analysis VI.F. Political Ecology Ethnography VII. WHO RESISTS? THE SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF DIDR RESISTANCE VII.A. Risks and Losses as Indicators VII.B. Resistance, Social Solidarity, and Internal Conflict...