Secular Western Individuals and Crusading

Secular Western Individuals

Christopher Tyerman: ‘In terms of diplomacy, the venture cast a long shadow over the future, with the Treaty of Jaffa providing a model for future agreements whilst Richard’s proposal to attack through Egypt became orthodox’

Western Religious Figures

1. Area of Influence – Consider the general way in which the factor influenced proceedings. For instance, individuals might influence matters through possessing their own agendas and being willing to divert the mission in order to achieve them.

2. Exemplification – An illustrative example

3. Analysis of importance/Change – Relate it back to the question. What exactly was the change? How responsible was the factor for the change? How important was it?

1. Composition of the crusading army – Changed with various Papal Bulls

2. Papal definition of the enemy

3. Pursuit of own agendas, resulting in diversion away from supposed crusade ideals – Peter Capuano, Pope Urban II (embarrassed), Pope Innocent – employment of Fulk of Neuilly (Holy recognition of his reign)

Composition of the crusading army

Exemplification – Steve Runciman p. 108: ‘having painted the somber picture, he made his great appeal. Let western Christendom march to the rescue of the East. Rich ad poor should go alike’ – Urban specifically asked for all to go on Crusade.

Monumenta Germania Selecta, Vol 4, p. 40, trans in Ernest F. Henderson: - “Moreover since those who war for the Lord should by no means prepare themselves with precious garments, nor with provision for their personal appearance, nor with dogs or hawks” – Looking for a more united crusading army, undivided by wealth.

Bernard’s preaching in the Second Crusade was specifically aimed at monarchs, secular individuals