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http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/23

http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/4/872.full

http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/26

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20649688

http://www.bmj.com/content/321/7258/405

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a clinical trial (a randomized double blind experiment)

a retrospective observational study (based on previous data or records)

a prospective observational study. (based on recently obtained data)

A scientific survey whose data is obtained by telephone interviews. Using a random sample.

A USA today survey presented in graphical cartoonlike form.

Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study

Abstract

Objective: To determine the relation between exposure to glycaemia over time and the risk of macrovascular or microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design: Prospective observational study.

Setting: 23 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

Participants: 4585 white, Asian Indian, and Afro-Caribbean UKPDS patients, whether randomised or not to treatment, were included in analyses of incidence; of these, 3642 were included in analyses of relative risk.

Outcome measures: Primary predefined aggregate clinical outcomes: any end point or deaths related to diabetes and all cause mortality. Secondary aggregate outcomes: myocardial infarction, stroke, amputation (including death from peripheral vascular disease), and microvascular disease (predominantly retinal photo-coagulation). Single end points: non-fatal heart failure and cataract extraction. Risk reduction associated with a 1% reduction in updated mean HbA1c adjusted for possible confounders at diagnosis of diabetes.

Results: The incidence of clinical complications was significantly associated with...