Zoonotic Disease

Development, Environment & Public Health: Examples from studies of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

15 Nov 2012

Uriel Kitron Environmental Studies, PBEE, EH, EPI Emory University, Atlanta, GA

http://www.envs.emory.edu/

Outline

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Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases (VBZD)

Environment, Development and and VBZD transmission

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Examples from collaborative research - Schistosomiasis in Kenya - Chagas disease in Argentina

Anthropogenic change, transmission and emerging diseases

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Vector borne zoonoses - arthropods, humans and other animals

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Many vectorborne diseases are zoonoses Different roles and impacts for wildlife, domestic animals and humans Complex Impact of climate

Non-zoonotic: Malaria, Dengue

WNV Yellow fever TBE Lyme disease Plague Sleeping sickness, Leishmaniasis Chagas disease CCHF

Prerequisites for an active zoonotic VBD focus

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Vector survival Presence of reservoir hosts Pathogen amplification and transmission Opportunities for human exposure

Invasion of pathogens, vectors and hosts

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Where from and Where to?

When and How? Role of Anthropogenic effects Did (will) they become established? (Is transmission taking place)?

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Synathropic species (vectors and reservoir hosts that made it)

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Mosquitoes Cx. pipiens - WNV Ae aegypti - dengue Sandflies – leishmaniasis Deer – Ticks and Lyme disease Rats – Plague, Typhus

White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus

Sandfly (phlebotomus)

Culex pipiens

Ratus ratus

Aedes aegypti

2. Some anthropogenic changes

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Urbanization – demographics,

migration, biodiversity

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Agricultural development – crops,

water management, migration

Forestation – Both deforestation

and reforestation Global warming, other climate changes Rate of Change is on the increase

Monocultures

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Easy spread of pathogens Loss of reservoir hosts Species dilution (good or bad?) Antibiotic resistance

Green...