Lab Exam Questions Biology

1.-Tidal Volume: volume of gas inspired/expired during each resting respiratory cycle. This is normally variable between subjects.

-Minute Ventilation: volume of gas inspired/expired per min. Minute ventilation = tidal volume x breaths per min.

-Vital Capacity: largest volume measured on complete expiration after deepest inspiration. This cant increase, but can decrease with problems such as a tumour, being pregnant, having asthma, and or bronchitis).

-Inspiratory Capacity: largest volume of gas that can be forcibly inspired from resting expiratory leaved. Measure in mL or L.

-Inspiratory Reserve Volume: volume of air drawn into lungs with maximal inspiration after filling lungs with tidal air. (Inspiratory capacity minus tidal volume).

-Expiratory Reserve Volume: largest volume of air that can be expired from the end expiratory level. Reduced in obesity and pregnancy.

-Residual Volume: volume of gas that cannot be exhaled from lungs.

2. In urine sediment you can find the follow: crystals, bacteria, casts, fungi (yeast), epithelial cells, and possibly red blood cells or white blood cells.

3. From the mouth and on to the throat, food is swallowed into the pharynx and moved to esophagus where it passes into the fundus of the stomach, then to the pylorus of the stomach. It then enters the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. Then on to the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine and into the cecum, (the first part of the large bowel). Up then into the ascending colon, from right to left in the transverse colon, and down the descending colon to the sigmoid colon and then the last and final part of the colon, the rectum. From the rectum, it passes into the anus and past the anal sphincter to be defecated.

4 During prophase 1 crossing over happens in chromosomes where genetic information is swapped from chromosome to another at a chiasma and the cell is Diploid 46 chromosomes. During prophase 2 no crossing over at this...