Article

Article 1157. Obligation arises from

(1) law (2) contracts (3) quasi-contracts (4) delicts or omissions punished by law (5)quasi-delicts.

Article 1158. Obligations from law are not presumed.

Only those

(1) Expressly determined in this code or

(2) In special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by the precepts of the law which establishes them and as to what has not been foreseen, by the provisions of this code.

• Unless such obligations are EXPRESSLY provided by law, they are not demandable and enforceable, and cannot be presumed to exist.

• The Civil Code can be applicable suppletorily to obligations arising from laws other than the Civil Code itself.

• Special laws – refer to all other laws not contained in the Civil Code.

Article 1159. Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be complied with in good faith.

Article 1160. Obligations derived from quasi-contracts,

QUASI-CONTRACT – juridical relation resulting from lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts by virtue of which, both parties become bound to each other, to the end that no one will be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of the other.

(1) NEGOTIORUM GESTIO – juridical relation which takes place when somebody voluntarily manages the property affairs of another without the knowledge or consent of the latter; owner shall reimburse the gestor for necessary and useful expenses incurred by the latter for the performance of his function as gestor.

(2) SOLUTIO INDEBITI – something is received when there is no right to demand it and it was unduly delivered through mistake; obligation to return the thing arises on the part of the recipient.

(e.g. If I let a storekeeper change my P500 bill and by error he gives me P560, I have the duty to return the extra P60)

Article 1163. Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the...