Review Sheet

EXAM 1

REVIEW SHEET

Characteristics of Living things

Scientific method steps

Hypothesis, definition, testable, vs. theory

Deductive and inductive reasoning

Experimental design: sample size, random sample, independent dependent and standardized variables

Control and experimental groups

Excess acid and bacterial hypotheses for causes for ulcers

Drs. Warren and Marshall’s work with ulcer causes

Structure of atoms and their components

Isotopes, what they are, how they are used

Orbitals, what they are, how they are shaped, why we care

Types of bonds; covalent (polar and nonpolar), ionic, hydrogen – strength, how formed,

Octet rule

Properties of water

Acids and bases, definitions, how they work, pH scale, role of buffers

Case study – role of carbonic acid, equilibrium constant, conjugate base, treatment for metabolic acidosis

Properties of carbon – why it is so important

Functional groups, what they are, amine, carboxyl

Isomers, definitions, types, be able to recognize them

Dehydration/condensation and hydrolysis reactions

Four classes of organic macromolecules

Carbohydrate, monomers, structure, glycosidic bonds, mono-di-oligo-poly, functions

Lipids, definition, structure, types, functions

Fats, saturated vs. unsaturated, trans and cis fatty acids

Phospholipids, structure, amphipathic, function

Steroids, structure, function, role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis, HDL and LDL

Proteins, composition, monomers, polypeptide

Amino acid, structure, side chain types, peptide bonds, dehydration reactions

Protein structure, primary, secondary (α,β), tertiary, quarternary, types of bonds/interactions , denature

Nucleic acids, classes, function, nucleotide structure

DNA, structure, base pairing rules, vs. RNA

Lamarck’s vs. Darwin’s ideas

Lyell and Malthus

Natural selection, Darwin’s theory of evolution

Evidence for evolution: fossils, biogeography, convergent evolution, selective breeding, homologies – anatomical,

developmental, molecular