Ap Euro Outline

I. Balkans

A. Ottoman Empire: Ottoman Empire had controlled the Strait of Dardanelles.

The Slavs were also controlled by the Ottomans.

B. Russia: The Russians were trying to advance their power. Because the

Austrians were also interested in the Balkans, a clash between the two countries followed. The main disagreement was who would gain the power to control the Slavs.

C. Austria: Austria turned to defense, wanting to limit the growth of nationalism in the Slavic areas within Austria's borders and to the southeast in the Balkans.

D. Pan-Slavism: Theory and movement intended to promote the political and cultural unity of the Slavs. Inspired by the rise of romanticism and nationalism,

II. Nationalism

A. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878

1. In 1876, a revolt against Ottoman rule broke out in Bulgaria. Serbia and Montenegro responded by declaring war on the Ottoman Empire. Russia went to war against Turkey in 1877 proclaiming their role as protectors of the Slavs.

2. Treaty of San Stefano (1878): Russia forced the Turks to accept the treaty in March 1878. Bulgaria, however, was under Russian control. Russia also other Turkish lands.

3. The Congress of Berlin (1878): To prevent war, Bismarck invited the great powers of Europe to send representatives to a meeting in Berlin to discuss the situation. This congress confirmed the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and the Russian acquisitions of Bulgaria (was reduced in size)

C. The First Balkan War (1912-1913)

Small Balkan states began to press their demands against the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria, Serbia. Montenegro and Greece had formed the Balkan League. In 1912, the Balkan League went to war against Turkey.

D. The Second Balkan War (1913)

Serbia demanded part of Bulgaria's share of Macedonia as compensation for denied access to the Adriatic, Bulgaria, however, believed that because of its role in the First Balkan War entitled her to even Macedonia. Because of these disputes it resulted in...