Wateter and Waste Management

Dictionary of Water and Waste Management

To Suzanne and Stephanie

Dictionary of Water and Waste Management

Second edition

Paul G. Smith

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Paisley, Scotland and

John S. Scott

Formerly Consultant and Technical Author

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2002 Second edition 2005 Co-published by IWA Publishing, Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: 44 (0) 20 7654 5500; Fax: 44 (0) 7654 5555; Email: publications@iwap.co.uk Web: www.iwapublishing.com Original text © Paul G. Smith and John S. Scott 1981 Copyright © 2005, Paul G. Smith. All rights reserved The right of Paul G. Smith to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: ( 44) (0)1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer...