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Plankalkül

Konrad Zuse developed the first real programming language, Plankalkül (“Plan Calculus”), in 1944–45. It was the first high-level non-von Neumann programming language to be designed for a computer. Also, notes survive with scribblings about such a plan calculation dating back to 1941. Plankalkül was not published at that time owing to a combination of factors such as conditions in wartime and postwar Germany and his efforts to commercialise the Z3 computer and its successors. In 1944 Zuse met with the German logician and philosopher Heinrich Scholz and they discussed Zuse's Plankalkül. In March 1945 Scholz expressed his deep appreciation to Zuse for his utilization of the logical calculus

Fortran

The first FORTRAN compiler was a milestone in the history of computing,

at that time computers had very small memories (on the order of 15KB,

it was common then to count memory capacities in bits), they were slow

and had very primitive operating systems (if they had them at all).

At those days it seemed that the only practical way is to program in

assembly language.

The pioneers of FORTRAN didn't invent the idea of writing programs in a

High Level Language (HLL) and compiling the source code to object code

with an optimizing compiler, but they produced the first successful HLL.

They designed an HLL that is still widely used, and an optimizing compiler

that produced very efficient code, in fact the FORTRAN I compiler held

the record for optimizing code for 20 years!

This wonderful first FORTRAN compiler was designed and written from

scratch in 1954-57 by an IBM team lead by John W. Backus and staffed with

super-programmers like Sheldon F. Best,...