Swiimmer

Tina Vanschaffel

Psychology 200

Due 3/13/15

1. The three elements of psychosocial development that are critical for healthy development in the first two years are attachment, synchrony and social referencing. Attachment refers to and enduring affectional bond between an infant and her caregiver which trust is an element. Synchrony is a rapid and smooth exchange of responses between an infant and caregiver that is coordinated. Social referencing occurs when an infant is in an unfamiliar or ambiguous situation.

2. Temperament refers to innate differences in emotions activity and self-regulation between one individual and another. Temperament is epigenetic meaning that temperament originates in the individual’s genes however temperament is affected by environment including child rearing practices.

4. Erik Erikson proposed that initiative versus guilt is the conflict of early childhood. Accordingly most parents encourage their children’s enthusiasm, effort and self-evaluation. In other words children attempt to do adult activities like making their own bed which if accepted by parent’s leads to the development of initiative. If parents dismiss the child’s emotional expressions which are aspects of imitative he or she may not learn emotional self-regulation feeling guilt or shame instead.

5. The three signs of maltreatment in children are child abuse which is deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s basic physical, emotional or sexual well-being. Child neglect which is failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs. Child maltreatment which is intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under eighteen years of age.