Helpful

Chicago-Style

Citation Quick Guide

http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html

Numbering Text Footnotes

Footnotes (not endnotes) are indicated by consecutively-numbered superscript Arabic numbers in the

main text after the punctuation of the phrase or clause the note refers to. Do not use asterisks,

daggers, or other symbols for note references:

Some have argued that such an investigation would be fruitless.6

Scholars have argued for years that this claim has no basis,7 so we would do well to ignore it.

However, in-text superscripts appear before dashes:

For years, scholars have failed to address this point8—a fact that suggests their cowardice more

than their carelessness.

If writing in MS Word, use the Word footnote insertion at Insert>Reference>Footnote.

This will automatically format your paper so all footnotes appear at the page bottom of

the referenced text.

You can shorten second or subsequent references with lowercase Latin abbreviations.

ibid = same as last entry

Use ibid when two references in a row are from the same source.

op. cit. = as previously cited

Use op. cit. when you have already given full details of that source in an earlier note. When using op.

cit. you still need to provide information such as the author’s name to make the source clear.

Examples

Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65.

ibid., p. 86.

13 Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 2000), 104–7.

14 Doniger, op. cit., p. 147.

11

12

On the next pages are some common examples of materials cited in footnotes and a sample document

referenced according to Chicago Style. For numerous specific examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of The

Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. Online sources that are analogous to print sources (such as

articles published in online journals, magazines, or newspapers) should be cited similarly to their...