Physiology

Thebexperimental values are all less than the expected because not alllparameters were met in determing the in respective values.for instance when determining the VC it requires that the volunteer full inhales before forcefullly expiring alll the air that was expired.if this was not the case, the values recorded will be less than expected.this maybe happpened in the experiment.the above reason can also be given to the other two values.

The above fact can be related to the pattern of expiratory and inspiratory flow due to expiration rate taking longer than the inspiratory rate because expiration is always passive and involves returning to the normal state.

Spirometry can be defined as a measure of the dynamics of the air flow in the lungs.RV on the other hand can be said to be volume left in the lungs after the ERV.Yes there are volumes measured like IRV but only by knowing ERV and TLC can you determine RV. TLC is determined by helium dilution with a known concentration of the spirometer which is allowed to equilibrate with the lungs and then be calculated by simply by measuring the concentration of helium before and after equilibration. Then you simply calculate for the unknown volume. And then TLC-(VT+ERV) =RV. You have to measure it indirectly.

the predicted FVC is higher than the experimental value. the FEV1 is also larger then expected , the ratio of FEV1/FVC is also larger than the experimental value, the FVC difference is can be said to be as a result of insuficicent or failure to fullly exhale and also failure to fullly inhale, thus a difference is noted.The FEV1 diffference acn also be attributed to failure to fullly utilise the expiratory muscles by the volunteer in forcefullly removing the air from the lungs, this resulted in the difference. the difference between the rations is only a percentage .this can be attributed to the above reasons as well.

The FEV1-to-FVC ratio is the volume of air expired in the first second, expressed as a percent of FVC....