Cctv

* Evaluations indicate that CCTV is useful in certain circumstances. A comparison of 22 evaluations showed that 11 found a positive effect (decrease in offences), five an undesirable effect (increase in crime), five found no effect and in one case the evidence was unclear (Welsh & Farrington 2002).

* Evidence from the UK shows that its use may reduce theft of motor vehicles and some other forms of acquisitive crime. There is also evidence that it works best in small enclosed areas (Gill & Spriggs 2005).

* Research suggests that CCTV is most successful in reducing or solving crime when there is an active police interest in:

– providing surveillance information to inform the setting up of CCTV

– being involved in monitoring the CCTV

– using the evidence it can provide.

* There is also evidence that improving street lighting reduces crime. As both street lighting and CCTV appear to separately reduce crime then it has been suggested that combining these elements may have even greater impact on crime reduction in environments like car parks in reducing vehicle crime (Welsh & Farrington 2004).

Developments in the justice system: Singapore has executed 326 people for drug offences since 1991. Nevertheless, progress in Singapore can be identified in recent years. The government has become more transparent in its application of the death penalty. For example, the Singapore Prison Service now identifies the number of executions performed each year in its annual report, including the offence for which the offender was convicted. In addition, the number of people executed has declined dramatically. For example, in 1999, 2000 and 2001 Singapore executed 35, 17 and 22 people for drug offences respectively.134 In 2011, that number was two. Moreover – although only anecdotal – there have been several recent reports of cases being reviewed or death sentences being overturned on appeal. In mid-2012, the Singaporean government proposed to reconsider...