Urbanissation

As described by Rodrigue, Comotios and Slack (2013), urban areas “are complex spatial structures that are supported by transport systems.” It can be seen that cities are highly reliant on their transport systems and making sure they are as efficient as possible. Airports, railway and motorised vehicles are just some of the ways urban residents use to move around. However, these modes of transport systems have consequential effects; air and noise pollution, traffic accidents, fatalities and congestion which can potentially impose weighty financial liabilities to the city.

For instance, the Texas Transportation Institute (2008) calculated that an amount of US$78 billion was used for congestion cost yearly in the United States. It was also estimated that around S$610 million in 2003, approximately 0.34% of the annual GDP was spent on traffic accidents in Singapore. Furthermore, congestion is one of the problems that urban cities will try resolve first because air pollutants that are harmful to human health and greenhouse gas emissions are rising to dangerous levels. Chin et al. (2006 and 2013) added that the “faster depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels and unavailability of lands in urban areas are also among the major obstacles to develop an efficient urban mobility system.”

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Singapore: Certificate of Entitlement

Singapore can be considered as one of the most advanced and efficient economies in the current century. Having their focus on finance, petrochemical, electronic and logistics industries (Chu-Chun-Lin 1998), jobs are created in abundance and it attracts foreigners to work and even to settle in Singapore. The influx of immigrants together with the population growth allowed the city to have one of the highest population densities in the world. Therefore, the transportation system for both personal and work related usage in Singapore will have to be very efficient, flexible and able to cope with the increasing amount...