Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates

GROUP 10

1-2

Tio, Jeraika

Torres, Vianne

Veracruz, Claudine

Villanueva, Jacqelyn

Yangco, Ariane

INRODUCTION

Carbohydrates (from 'hydrates of carbon') or saccharides (Greek, meaning "sugar") are simple organic compounds that are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added. They are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules, which also include proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

The general formula for carbohydrates is Cx (H20)y. The names of carbohydrates often end in the suffix -ose.

Classification:

A. According to # of Carbon Atoms:

a. Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates in that they cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates. The general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C•H2O)n, where n is any number of three or greater.

Examples used in the experiment are glyceraldehyde, xylose, galactose, glucose and fructose.

b. Disaccharide

Two joined monosaccharides are called disaccharides and represent the simplest polysaccharides. Examples include sucrose and lactose. They are composed of two monosaccharide units bound together by a covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage formed via a dehydration reaction, resulting in the loss of a hydrogen atom from one monosaccharide and a hydroxyl group from the other. The formula of unmodified disaccharides is C12H22O11.

Examples used in the experiment are sucrose and lactose.

c. Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are saccharide polymers containing small number (typically three to ten) of simple sugars.

d. Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.

a. homopolysaccharides - 1 type of monosaccharide b. heteropolysaccharides - 2 or more types of monosaccharide

Examples are starch, glycogen and cellulose.

B....