Evolution of Management

Scientists have been following the behavior of workers and managers for centuries. This research has led to understanding behaviors that take place between managers, and the workers they oversee. This analysis, over the years, has developed into a new field of study, and is referred to as management “thought” or “theory”. There are four major theories pertaining to management. The theories that have been developed are: the Classical approach, the Behavioral approach, the Systems approach, and the Contingency approach.

The Classical approach has two components; scientific management and administrative management. Scientific management emphasizes improving the efficiency of work by the systematic and scientific study of work methods, tools and performance standards. Administrative management theories focus on the coordination of the workings of an entire organization not just organizing the work of individual workers.

The Behavioral approach is more focused on understanding the importance of people’s needs and attitudes within formal organizations. Studies have shown that good social relationships in the workplace lead to a more productive environment. The reason being, when employees feel valued by their co-workers and managers, worker output is more likely to be at a higher level.

The Systems approach views organizations as a set of inter-connected parts. Each part is to be managed as a whole, working to achieve a common goal. Systems organizations consist of inputs, transformation processes, outputs and feedback. This approach to management provides guidelines for establishing an efficient system for planning, organizing, directing and controlling.

The contingency approach to management is based on the idea that there is no one best way to manage. And in order to be effective; planning, organizing, leading, and controlling must be tailored to the particular circumstances faced by an organization. The Contingency approach, also referred to as the Situational...