Look Out Below

1.

a. A hemorrhage is an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel and in this case is the bleeding from Mrs. Morgan’s arm that the paramedics have applied pressure and a bandage to.

b. A fracture is a break in a bone. In the case of Mrs. Morgan it is a break in her left arm of the upper part of the humerus. She also has a depressed fracture on her occipital bone of the skull which is a depression of the bone in toward the brain. And lastly she has a fracture of her 3rd lumbar vertebral body which means that the body of her 3rd lumbar vertebrae has been broken or crushed.

c. Proximal means that it is closer towards the middle of the body so in this case it refers to Mrs. Morgan’s proximal diaphysis of her humerus being fractured so that means that the diaphysis is broken proximal or closer to the shoulder than the elbow which would be distal.

d. The diaphysis is the shaft or center part of a long bone. In this case Mrs. Morgan fractures her humerus at the proximal diaphysis or the upper part of the shaft towards the shoulder but not at the complete top at the epiphysis.

2. The first bone fractures, the humerus, is classified as a long bone. The second fracture of her occipital bone is a flat bone. And the third fracture of her lumbar vertebrae is an irregular bone.

3. The type of bone tissue that makes up most of the vertebral body is cancellous bone tissue. Cancellous bone tissue is also called spongy bone which has many open spaces connected by flat planes of bone known as trabecula. Cancellous bone is composed of three types of bone cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes all with different functions. Osteoblasts make new bone by producing layers of hard tissue of calcium and phosphate and then become osteocytes. Osteoclasts breakdown and destroy old or damaged bone so that it can be repaired and replaces by osteoblasts. The function of the body of the vertebrae is to support the body weight and to absorb shock as well as protect the...