Theories Paper

Theories Paper

BPA/303

Daniel Nieves

Policy implementation is actually the start of the execution process once an actual policy has been adopted. Implementation is such a crucial part of the process for an adopted policy, for as a policy cannot be properly judged as a success or failure until after the implementation process has taken place. Despite the many varying definitions of policy implementation, Thomas R. Dye determines that “policy implementation is all of the activities designed to carry out the laws enacted by the legislative branch of government” (Theodoulou & Kofinis 2004). There are different approaches and theories as to the most effective way to implement an adopted policy, which one has been most effective over the course of time is still a debatable topic.

When strategically planning just how to effectively implement a policy, there are several approaches and theories that one could follow. First is called a top-down approach which was pioneered by Meter and Van Horn, and has been more encompassed by a conceptual model by Mazmanian and Sabatier (Theodoulou & Kofinis 2004). For this approach many factors are emphasized, which also brings about the criticism of too many factors being focused on. This theory holds those responsible for development of the policy also for the implementation. Government in this theory are responsible after the decision making process for also management and oversight. Policy designers, hence the term top down approach are to focus their attention towards the elements that will improve the success of the implementation process.

A bottom-up approach is a secondary theory developed by Richard Elmore and others, focuses on those who have a more hands on approach as to the actual implementation of the adopted policy. Identifying the major actors involved in the service of deliveries in one or more of the local areas and making sure of their goals, strategies, activities and contracts are the focus of...