Human Resource Management

Competitive challenges facing Management:

* Globalization

* Information Technology

* Reducing costs through downsizing, outsourcing, & off shoring)

* Change in demographic (age, gender, education)

* Change in laws and regulations such as increasing employee rights in workplace

* Ethics and social responsibility

* Work-family balance

* Importance of service sector

History of Management

I- Classical Schools (Major Axiom: There is only one best way to do the job):

* Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor, 1900- 1920)

* Administrative Management (Fayol’s 14 Principles)

* Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber)

II- Behavioral Approach (Chester Barnard). He Proposed a landmark book called “The Functions of the executive”)

III-The Social Approach (The Hawthorne Studies)

IV- Contemporary Approaches (Major Axiom: There is more than one way to do the job)

* Management Science and Quantitative Approach

* The System approach

* The contingency Approach

The Classical Approaches

1. Taylor Scientific Management

* Focuses on the individual work design

* Taylor observed what he called “soldiering” that workers were working at less than a normal pace because workers feared the consequences of working hard.

* Taylor proposed the theory of Scientific Management which is scientific in nature. He proposed time and motion studies to identify the measurements of worker’s physical movements to make the job highly routine and efficient by eliminating wasted physical effort and minimizing the amount of time and effort needed to produce a product.

* Time and Motion studies were used to determine the production standard (how much units an average worker can produce in an hour time period).

* The production standard was necessary to apply the monetary incentive system such as the piece-rate system (each unit produced is rewarded: Worker pay = # of units X price per piece).

Functional Foremanship:...